High-profile failures of tailings dams illustrate the significant safety challenge they pose. The decant pond of such facilities plays an important role in their mechanical stability. This study investigates the feasibility of using public multispectral data collected by the Sentinel-2 satellite mission to monitor the area of the decant pond. The Sentinel-2 mission has a revisit time of 5 days and the data used herein has a spatial resolution of 10 m/pixel. We considered two water-detection metrics: the normalized difference water index (NDWI) and the near-infrared (NIR) reflectance. Implementation of the method at a South African platinum tailings dam illustrates the capabilities and limitations. Public, sub-metre resolution true-colour imagery served as validation data. There is good agreement between pond area measurements based on Sentinel-2 and the validation imagery. These results suggest the feasibility of using Sentinel-2 data to supplement the monitoring of the decant pond.

Abstract Worldwide production of whey is estimated between 180 and 190 million ton/year, cottage or ricotta cheese is processed from this by-product. The objective of this research was to optimize the process of making a spreadable ricotta cheese and to evaluate the viability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) added to cheese. The process to elaborate the cheese was optimized following a two-level factorial design (three pHs and three heating times). We also the fermentation capacity of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophiles, was also established. Two strains were added to the cheese and their viability monitored for 20 days under refrigerated storage. The greatest yield was obtained at a pH of 4.5 and, 90ºC heating for 10 and 15 minutes (p<0.01). The strains used as initiators culture were L. acidophilus and L. bulgaricus, to display greater fermentative capacity, in addition not only the viability was demonstrated, but also significantly increased their number during storage. This research is highly viable and has a great social, economic and environmental impact, by proposing a process for the production of a probiotic cheese from a byproduct of agribusiness (whey), this byproduct currently generates serious problems of environmental contamination in Mexico. Probiotic ricotta cheese also provides a high content of proteins (9.75%) of high biological quality, making it a suitable candidate for use in communities where malnutrition problems exist.

Resumen La producción mundial de lactosuero se estima entre 180 y 190 millones ton/año, el requesón o ricotta se elabora de este subproducto. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue optimizar el proceso de elaboración de un queso tipo ricotta untable y evaluar la viabilidad de bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL) adicionadas al queso. Se utilizó lactosuero proveniente de queserías cercanas a la ciudad de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, para la elaboración del queso se siguió un diseño factorial de dos niveles (tres niveles de pH y tres tiempos de calentamiento). Por otro lado, se evaluó la capacidad de fermentación las cepas de Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus y Streptococcus termophilus. De acuerdo a los resultados de fermentación, las dos mejores cepas se adicionaron al queso, posterior a ello se monitoreó la viabilidad durante el almacenamiento refrigerado. El mayor rendimiento se obtuvo a un pH de 4.5, calentando a 90ºC entre 10 y 15 minutos (p<0.01). Las cepas utilizadas como cultivo iniciador fueron L. acidophilus y L. bulgaricus, por presentar mayor capacidad fermentativa, además que incrementaron significativamente su cantidad durante el almacenamiento. La presente investigación es altamente viable y de gran impacto social, económico y ambiental, al proponer un proceso para la elaboración de un queso probiótico a partir de un subproducto de la agroindustria (lactosuero), este subproducto actualmente genera graves problemas de contaminación ambiental en México. El queso ricotta probiótico, provee además de un alto contenido de proteínas (9.75%) de alta calidad biológica, haciéndolo un candidato apto para su uso en comunidades donde existen problemas de desnutrición.

Durante uma visita de pesquisa para coleta de tecido em um abatedouro localizado na cidade de Pelotas, Brasil, foi observado um trato genital com aumento do tamanho dos ovidutos. O trato reprodutivo foi coletado e analisado. Os achados macroscópicos observados foram tubas uterinas ocluídas e com aumento do volume do órgão devido à grande quantidade de líquido na luz do órgão. Três amostras, correspondendo a istmo, ampola e infundíbulo, e uma amostra do endométrio foram coletadas. As amostras foram fixadas em solução de Bouin e processadas para microscopia de luz. Microscopicamente foi observada uma diminuição no número de pregas e um aumento do lúmen do órgão, principalmente na ampola e no infundíbulo. O epitélio de revestimento das tubas uterinas variou de cilíndrico ciliado a pavimentoso simples. Células inflamatórias foram observadas entre as células epiteliais e na lâmina própria das tubas uterinas. A hidrossalpinge é difícil de ser diagnosticada e pode ser uma causa de infertilidade na égua.

During a research visit for tissue collection at an abattoir located in Pelotas, Brazil, one female genital tract showed both enlarged oviducts. The reproductive tract was collected and analyzed. Occluded uterine tubes and an increase in the organ volume due to the large amount of fluid in the organ lumen were the macroscopic findings. Three samples, corresponding to isthmus, ampulla and infundibulum from each uterine tube and one sample from the endometrium were collected. Samples were fixed in Bouin's solution and processed in light microscopy. Microscopically a decrease in the number of folds and also an increase in the lumen of the organ were observed, mainly in the ampulla and infundibulum. The epithelial lining of the uterine tubes ranged from ciliated to simple squamous. Inflammatory cells were observed between the epithelial cells and in the lamina propria. Hydrosalpinx is difficult to diagnose and can be a cause of infertility in the mare.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the productive performance, carcass yield and blood proteins of 200 male broilers (Cobb 500) on the 821 days of age period, fed diets based on corn and soybean meal containing 0, 6, 12 and 18 % of babassu (Orbignya martiana) mesocarp flour (FMB), distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (levels of FMB, diets formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous), five replicates and a experimental unit with 10 broilers. At 21 days old the broilers were slaughtered to evaluate carcass yield, and blood proteins. The inclusion of FMB not affected feed intake, but decreased the weight gain and feed conversion in the level 18 %. Carcass yield was affected in the highest levels of inclusion. The levels of total protein and globulins were the lower in the 6 % of inclusion. In conclusion, the addition up to 12 % of FMB did not compromise the performance of broiler. The inclusion of this ingredient increases the cost per kg of chicken produced and decreases the gross margin, being economically unviable.

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo, rendimento de carcaça e proteínas do sangue de 200 frangos de corte (machos, Cobb 500), no período de 8 a 21 dias de idade, alimentados com dietas a base de milho e farelo de soja contendo 0, 6, 12 e 18 % de farinha do mesocarpo de babaçu (Orbignya martiana) (FMB), distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos (níveis de FMB, rações formuladas para serem isoenergéticas e isoprotéicas), 5 repetições, sendo cada parcela experimental composta por 10 aves. Aos 21 dias de idade as aves foram abatidas para avaliação de rendimento de carcaça, e proteínas do sangue. A inclusão da FMB não afetou o consumo de ração, porém piorou o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar no nível de 18 %. O rendimento de carcaça foi afetado nos maiores níveis de inclusão. Os menores níveis de proteína total e globulinas foram observados na inclusão de 6 %. Conclui-se que a adição de até 12 % de farinha do mesocarpo de babaçu nas rações não compromete o desempenho. A inclusão de FMB aumenta o custo por kg de frango produzido e reduz a margem bruta, sendo economicamente inviável.